RDBMS

Relational Data Base Management Systems (RDBMS), that maintain data records and indices in tables. In a relational database, relationships between data items are expressed by means of tables.

Normalization

In relational database design, the process of organizing data to minimize redundancy is called normalization.

Different Normalization Forms

1NF: Eliminate Repeating Groups

Separate table for each set of related attributes and give each table a Primary key

2NF: Eliminate Redundant Data

If an attribute depends on only part of a multi-valued key, remove it to a separate table.

3NF: Eliminate Columns Not Dependent On Key

All attributes must be directly dependent on the primary key.

BCNF: Boyce-Codd Normal Form

If there are non-trivial dependencies between candidate key attributes, separate them out into distinct tables

Stored Procedure

A stored procedure is a named group of SQL statements that have been previously created and stored in the server database. Stored procedures reduce network traffic and improve performance. Stored procedures can be used to help ensure the integrity of the database.

e.g. sp_helpdb, sp_renamedb etc.

Trigger

A trigger is a SQL procedure that initiates an action when an event occurs (INSERT, DELETE or UPDATE). A trigger cannot be called or executed; DBMS automatically fires the trigger as a result of a data modification to the associated table.

Nested Trigger:

            A trigger can also contain INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE logic within itself, so when the trigger is fired because of data modification it can also cause another data modification, thereby firing another trigger.

View

A simple view can be thought of as a subset of a table. It can be used for retrieving data, as well as updating or deleting rows. The results of using a view are not permanently stored in the database. When we update a value in the view it will change the Original table also.

Different Types of Join

Mainly 4 kind of join , Cross Join, Inner Join, Outer Join, Self Join

Cross Join

A cross join that does not have a WHERE clause produces the Cartesian product of the tables involved in the join. Result set is the number of rows in the first table multiplied by the number of rows in the second table.

Inner Join

A join that displays only the rows that have a match in both joined tables is known as inner Join.

Outer Join

A join that includes rows even if they do not have related rows in the joined table is an Outer Join.

• Left Outer Join: In Left Outer Join all rows in the first table. Unmatched rows in the right table do not appear.
• Right Outer Join:  In Right Outer Join all rows in the second table. Unmatched rows in the left table are not included.
• Full Outer Join: In Full Outer Join all rows in all joined tables are included, whether they are matched or not.

Self Join

When one table joins to itself

Index

An index is a physical structure containing pointers to the data. Indices are created in an existing table to locate rows more quickly and efficiently. The users cannot see the indexes; they are just used to speed up queries. . Effective indexes are one of the best ways to improve performance in a database application.

Clustered Index

Clustered index is unique for any given table and we have only one clustered index on a table.

Non Clustered Index

Many non Clustered Indexes as we can on database.

Linked Server

With a linked server, you can create very clean, easy to follow, SQL statements that allow remote data to be retrieved, joined and combined with local data.

Eg; sp_addlinkedserver, sp_addlinkedsrvlogin

Cursor

Cursor is a database object used by applications to manipulate data in a set on a row-by-row basis, instead of the typical SQL commands that operate on all the rows in the set at one time.

Collation

Collation refers to a set of rules that determine how data is sorted and compared.

Sub-query

Sub query is a SELECT statement that is nested within another T-SQL statement.

online purchase,online payment,debit/credit card payment are very common in todays world. Online shopping is the process whereby consumers directly buy goods or services from a seller in real-time, without an intermediary service, over the Internet. It is a form of electronic commerce. An online shop, eshop, e-store, internet shop, webshop, webstore, online store, or virtual store evokes the physical analogy of buying products or in a shopping centre.In these kinds of shopping usage of credit/Debit cards or internet banking system are very common. Why we cant use mobile phones for payment?

Yes mobile payment systems are the other method of payment transaction method so many Europian countries are using this method.Mobile payment or known also as Mobile wallet is an alternative payment method. Instead of paying with cash, cheque or credit cards, a consumer can use a mobile phone to pay for a wide range of services and digital or hard goods.

Many Business giants now heavily investing in mobile payment technologies it is evident that the time has now come to capitalize on this opportunity. Mobile Payment Services conference has therefore been specifically designed to empower stakeholders, providing them with a deep insight into the market that will assist in strengthing their mobile payment strategies and ensure they remain competitive.

Paymate is one of the leading mobile payment companies. PayMate’s mobile payment solutions link your mobile phone to any financial instrument of your choice, whether it’s an existing bank account, credit card or a prepaid account, turning your mobile phone into a secure tool you can use anytime, anywhere.

With PayMate, your phone is powered to instantly send and receive money, pay for your shopping, utility bills, flight & more tickets and so much more with unmatched speed and safety. Start paying with your mobile today.

PayMate is a Mumbai based wireless transactions platform provider founded by entrepreneurs Ajay Adiseshann and Probir Roy. PayMate is funded by Venture Capital firms Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers, Sherpalo Ventures and Mayfield Fund. Some companies that are a part of their portfolios are Google, AOL, Amazon, Sun Microsystems and SanDisk among others. PayMate has offices in India, USA, Sri Lanka, Nepal and UAE making it the single largest M- Commerce company in the sub continent, offering customized mobile payment solutions in each market with local partners.

http://www.paymate.co.in

ZipPay,Square and Venmo are the other mobile payment options

http://zippaymobile.com

http://squreup.com

http://venmo.com

Moving beyond trials, this is designed to provide real life commercial examples of the kind of business models, services and applications that are being launched to encourage consumer adoption of mobile-enabled payment mechanisms.

One of the basic techniques of number theory is Euclid’s algorithm, which is a simple procedure for determining the greatest common divisor of two positive integers.

Greatest Common Divisor

We will use the notation gcd(a,b) to mean the greatest common divisor of a and b.The positive integer c is said to be the greatest common divisor of a and b if

1. c is divisor of a and of b;

2. any divisor of a nad b is a divisor of c.

an equivalent defenition is the following:

gcd(a,b) = max[k, such that k|a and k|b]

Because we require that the greatest common divisor be positive,

gcd(a,b)=gcd(a, -b)=gcd(-a,b)=gcd(-a,-b). In general,gcd(a,b)=gcd(|a|,|b|).

Eg: gcd(60,24)=gcd(60,-24)=12

Also because all nonzero integers divide 0, we have gcd(a,0)=|a|.

We stated that two integers a and b are relatively prime if their only common positive integer factor is 1. This is equivalant to saying that a and b are relatively prime if gcd(a,b)=1.

What is Cricket World Cup?

The ICC Cricket World Cup is the premier international championship of men’s One Day International (ODI) cricket. The event is organised by the sport’s governing body, the International Cricket Council (ICC), with preliminary qualification rounds leading up to a finals tournament which is held every four years. The tournament is the world’s fourth-largest and fourth-most-viewed sporting event. According to the ICC, it is the most important tournament and the pinnacle of achievement in the sport. The first Cricket World Cup contest was organised in England in 1975. A separate Women’s Cricket World Cup has been held every four years since 1973.

The finals of the Cricket World Cup are contested by all ten Test-playing and ODI-playing nations, together with other nations that qualify through the World Cup Qualifier. Australia has been the most successful of the five teams to have won the tournament, taking four titles. The West Indies and India have won twice, while Pakistan and Sri Lanka have each won once.

The ICC Cricket World Cup Trophy is presented to the winners of the World Cup finals. The current trophy was created for the 1999 championships, and was the first permanent prize in the tournament’s history; prior to this, different trophies were made for each World Cup. The trophy was designed and produced in London by a team of craftsmen from Garrard & Co over a period of two months.

The current trophy is made from silver and gild, and features a golden globe held up by three silver columns. The columns, shaped as stumps and bails, represent the three fundamental aspects of cricket: batting, bowling and fielding, while the globe characterises a cricket ball. It stands 60 cm high and weighs approximately 11 kilograms. The names of the previous winners are engraved on the base of the trophy, with space for a total of twenty inscriptions.

Indian Premier League

The Indian Premier League (often abbreviated as IPL) is a professional league for Twenty20 cricket competition in India. It was initiated by the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) headquartered in Mumbai supervised by BCCI Vice President Chirayu Amin, current chairman & commissioner of IPL, and CEO, Sundar Raman. It is currently contested by 10 teams consisting of players from around the world. It was started after an altercation between the BCCI and the Indian Cricket League.

The winning bidders for the eight franchises were announced on 24 January 2008. While the total base price for auction was US $400 million, the auction fetched US $723.59 million.

IPL drew positive reactions from the rest of the Asia also. In Pakistan, the reception was described as “massive”.The matches were telecast live in GEO Super. The matches also generated interest in Sri Lanka and Bangladesh, despite only one Bangladeshi player being involved. The following in the subcontinental nations was aided by the prime time telecast of the matches as they belong to adjacent time zones.

The IPL became a big hit in South Africa due to a large composition of South Asians in their population.Another reason for the success is that the second edition of IPL was hosted at South Africa drawing massive crowds from the country as well as the other countries in the subcontinent.

The situation with Japan’s damaged nuclear reactors continues to deteriorate. One reactor already had an explosion which collapsed the roof and spewed radioactive steam into the air. Scientists and engineers are now working on pouring seawater into that reactor in an effort to cool off the fuel rods. Seawater will rust the metal in the containment room eventually and some experts are saying that means the reactor is being given up as a total loss.

Japan has declared states of emergency at two nuclear plants damaged by Friday’s massive earthquake along the country’s northeastern coast.

8.9 magnitude quake and subsequent tsunami knocked power out and caused cooling systems to fail at two plants in Fukushima. They warned of radiation leaks as steam was vented from reactors in an effort to relieve growing pressure.

What is a Nuclear Reactor?

A nuclear reactor is a device to initiate and control a sustained nuclear chain reaction. The most common use of nuclear reactors is for the generation of electrical power (see Nuclear power) and for the power in some ships (see Nuclear marine propulsion). Heat from nuclear fission is used to raise steam, which runs through turbines, which in turn powers either ship’s propulsion or electrical generators. There are also other less common uses as discussed below.

A nuclear reactor is a system that contains and controls sustained nuclear chain reactions. Reactors are used for generating electricity, moving aircraft carriers and submarines, producing medical isotopes for imaging and cancer treatment, and for conducting research.

Fuel, made up of heavy atoms that split when they absorb neutrons, is placed into the reactor vessel (basically a large tank) along with a small neutron source. The neutrons start a chain reaction where each atom that splits releases more neutrons that cause other atoms to split. Each time an atom splits, it releases large amounts of energy in the form of heat. The heat is carried out of the reactor by coolant, which is most commonly just plain water. The coolant heats up and goes off to a turbine to spin a generator or drive shaft. So basically, nuclear reactors are exotic heat sources.

Types of nuclear reactors

There are very many different types of nuclear reactors with different fuels, coolants, fuel cycles, purposes. Here’s an incomplete list of them.

• Pressurized Water Reactor
• Boiling Water Reactor
• Sodium Cooled Fast Reactor
• High Temperature Gas Cooled Reactor
• Liquid Fluoride Thorium Reactor
  

A tsunami (Japanese:’harbor wave’) is a series of water waves caused by the displacement of a large volume of a body of water, usually an ocean, but can occur in large lakes. Tsunamis are a frequent occurrence in Japan; approximately 195 events have been recorded. Owing to the immense volumes of water and the high energy involved, tsunamis can devastate coastal regions.

Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other underwater explosions (including detonations of underwater nuclear devices), landslides and other mass movements, meteorite ocean impacts or similar impact events, and other disturbances above or below water all have the potential to generate a tsunami.

A tsunami is a series of ocean waves that sends surges of water, sometimes reaching heights of over 100 feet (30.5 meters), onto land. These walls of water can cause widespread destruction when they crash ashore.

These awe-inspiring waves are typically caused by large, undersea earthquakes at tectonic plate boundaries. When the ocean floor at a plate boundary rises or falls suddenly it displaces the water above it and launches the rolling waves that will become a tsunami.

Most tsunamis, about 80 percent, happen within the Pacific Ocean’s “Ring of Fire,” a geologically active area where tectonic shifts make volcanoes and earthquakes common.

A tsunami starts when a huge volume of water is quickly shifted. This rapid movement can happen as the result of an underwater earthquake (when the sea floor quickly moves up or down), a rock slide, a volcanic eruption, or another high-energy event.

After the huge volume of water has moved, the resulting wave is very long (the distance from crest to crest can be hundred of miles long) but not very tall (roughly 3 feet tall). The wave propagates (spreads) across the sea in all directions; it can travel great distances from the source at tremendous speeds.

The Speed of a Tsunami:

A tsunami can travel at well over 970 kph (600 mph) in the open ocean – as fast as a jet flies. It can take only a few hours for a tsunami to travel across an entire ocean. A regular wave (generated by the wind) travels at up to about 90 km/hr.

India’s showdown with BlackBerry could reportedly widen to encompass Google and Skype after the government threatened to cut off core features of the popular smartphone on security grounds.

Research In Motion, the BlackBerry’s Canadian maker, gave no immediate indication that it would accede to the latest pressure from an emerging economy to open up its services to security agencies.

“If a technical solution is not provided by August 31, 2010, the government will review the position and take steps to block” BlackBerry email and messenger services, India’s home ministry said.

New Delhi, battling insurgencies ranging from Kashmir in the northwest to the far-flung northeast, fears that heavily encrypted BlackBerry communications could be used by militants.

Islamic extremists used mobile and satellite phones to coordinate the 2008 Mumbai attacks that killed 166 people. The Indian announcement came after Saudi Arabia on Tuesday postponed imposing a BlackBerry ban as the ultra-conservative Muslim country reported progress in solving its own security concerns.

The United Arab Emirates, however, has said it will ban BlackBerry messenger, email and web browsing services from October 11 for security reasons. That has prompted expressions of concern from the US government.

In response to the Indian threat, RIM said it tried to be as cooperative as possible with governments “in the spirit of supporting legal and national security requirements.”

But it also wanted to preserve “the lawful needs of citizens and corporations”, according to a RIM statement. Analysts have noted that other security-conscious countries such as China and Russia appear to be satisfied over their intelligence agencies’ level of access to BlackBerry communications.

But the company insisted, “RIM maintains a consistent global standard for lawful access requirements that does not include special deals for specific countries.”

The Indian warning came after a high-level meeting on Thursday between the home ministry and intelligence agencies, and the end-August deadline was relayed to Indian telecoms firms that offer BlackBerry services.

India’s security concerns are not confined to RIM with other communications providers such as Google and the Internet telephony firm Skype also in its sights, according to Friday’s Financial Times.

Quoting minutes from a July 12 meeting between Indian officials and telecoms and Internet providers, the FT said the government wanted a broad solution to enable possible interception and monitoring of all Internet-based traffic.

“There was consensus that there (is) more than one type of service for which solutions are to be explored,” the minutes by the telecommunications ministry’s security wing said, according to the FT.

“Some of them are BlackBerry, Skype, Google etc,” the minutes said. “It was decided first to undertake the issue of BlackBerry and then the other services.”

Internet giant Google is already locked in tension with Beijing over state censorship and cyberattacks that the US company says originated in China, the world’s largest online market with 420 million users

India is another coveted prize for communications providers. It is the world’s fastest-expanding cellular market and already has a million BlackBerry customers.

If the ban is imposed, BlackBerry corporate or “enterprise” customers in India would only be able to use their handsets for phone calls and web browsing.

News courtesy : http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech/news/internet/Google-Skype-may-also-face-ban-in-India/articleshow/6303560.cms

How much would you pay to own a piece of Sachin Tendulkar, literally? At least 10 people are willing to fork out $75,000 (approx Rs 35.2 lakh) for a very limited edition of his book, the Tendulkar Opus, which will feature a page made from paper pulp that includes the master batsman’s blood.

How much would you pay to own a piece of Sachin Tendulkar, literally? At least 10 people are willing to fork out $75,000 (approx Rs 35.2 lakh) for a very limited edition of his book, the Tendulkar Opus, which will feature a page made from paper pulp that includes the master batsman’s blood.”The signature page will be mixed with Sachin’s blood — mixed into the paper pulp, so it’s a red resin. It is what it is — you will have Sachin’s blood on the page,” publisher Kraken Media’s chief executive Karl Fowler is quoted as saying by the Guardian newspaper.
“It’s not everyone’s cup of tea. But the key thing here is that Sachin Tendulkar, to millions of people, is a religious icon. And we thought how, in a publishing form, can you get as close to your god as possible?”
Fowler also confirmed 10 such special copies had already been pre-ordered and all proceeds from the sale of these books would go towards Tendulkar’s charitable foundation to help build a school in Mumbai.
The book, due to be published in February to coincide with the World Cup in India, will contain previously unpublished family photographs from Tendulkar, weighs 37 kgs, comprises 852 pages and is edged in gold leaf.
To accommodate the tastes of those who aren’t excited at the prospect of blood, even if it is Sachin’s, and whose wallets don’t fancy the hefty price tag, a “regular” edition is available at $2000-3000 (Rs 94,000-1,41,000).
The publisher will print 1,000 such copies, and all will be signed by Tendulkar and include a DNA map, but no actual blood.

News Courtesy: Hidustantimes

http://www.hindustantimes.com/For-75-000-buy-Sachin-s-blood-in-a-book/H1-Article1-574926.aspx